The lunar nuclear reactor is emerging as a key element of the new space race, with the US, Russia and China developing plans to provide reliable power for future Moon bases.
The US is targeting a reactor launch by the end of 2030, while Russia and China are working toward a joint lunar nuclear power system as part of plans for a permanent research presence on the Moon.
Why A Lunar Nuclear Reactor Matters
Future lunar bases will require continuous electricity. Solar panels can generate power during the lunar day, but the Moonโs night lasts more than two weeks, creating a major challenge for long-term operations.
A lunar nuclear reactor could provide uninterrupted electricity regardless of sunlight. The US and China also aim to establish permanent lunar infrastructure and access resources such as frozen water.
US And Russia-China Reactor Plans
NASA began seeking contractors in late August to prepare a nuclear reactor capable of surviving the journey through space and operating autonomously near the Moonโs south pole. The agency expects its Lunar Reactor 1 to be ready for launch by December 2030.
The reactor is expected to generate around 20 kW of electricity and operate without human intervention for five years. The US is accelerating development amid concerns that Russia and China could gain a technological lead in lunar nuclear power.
Russia And China Target 2035
Russia is developing the Selena lunar reactor as part of its cooperation with China. The system is expected to generate up to 10 kW and operate autonomously for about 10 years.
China and Russia have outlined plans for the International Lunar Research Station, with implementation expected around 2035. China included a nuclear power plant in a December 2025 presentation of the Lunar Research Station.
The race for Lunar Nuclear Power reflects growing strategic competition in space and could contribute to sustaining permanent lunar facilities and future exploration beyond the Moon.